Who was the duke of york in 1664. Oct 19, 2011 · Including the Charters to the Duke of York. The British renamed the city New York after the Duke of York who had the takeover. He met with the settlers in what became Long Island and Westchester. The English renamed the colony New York, after James, the Duke of York, who had received a charter to the territory from his brother King Charles II. k. The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution : including the charters to the Duke of York, the commissions and instructions to colonial governors, the Duke's laws, the laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive Dec 21, 2022 · including the charters to the Duke of York, the commissions and instructions to colonial governors, the Duke's laws, the laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive by New York (State) 0 Ratings 0 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read By 1664, the population of New Netherland had risen to almost 9,000 people, 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam, 1,000 lived near Fort Orange, and the remainder in other towns and villages. 1664 – Duke of York gifts lands between the Hudson and Delaware River to Sir George Carteret in settlement of a debt owe. James’s Palace, from which he escaped to the Netherlands in April 1648. . Jul 26, 2023 · Short answer why New York called “New York”: New York was named after the Duke of York, who became King James II of England. Jun 15, 2020 · The expedition set sail from Portsmouth on 25 May 1664, and New Amsterdam was surrendered to Nicolls on 8 September 1664. In 1682 Thomas Dongan became the governor. [Lincoln, Charles Zebina, Johnson, William H. Charter of the proprietary colony from Charles II to the Duke of York, 1664. 1664 –New Netherlands falls to the English, and the Founding of New Jersey. 1665 – Freedom of religion is granted to all the settlers living in New Jersey. Commissioners of Statutory Revision Published J. The first British governor of the colony was Colonel Richard Nicolis. York (the future James II of England) was responsible for the operation that brought his four ships to Gravesend Bay under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls in late August. In 1664, the English sent a fleet to seize New Netherlands, which surrendered without a fight. Pre-1664 -The Dutch Period in Albania English Colonies of Connecticut and Long Island – 1636 1664 –New Netherlands falls to the English, and the Founding of New Jersey Lord John Berkeley, Sir George Carteret, and the Concessions and Agreements The First English Settlements in New Jersey The new colony of New York was named for the proprietor, James, the Duke of York, brother to Charles I and funder of the expedition against the Dutch in 1664. The Dutch colony was a threat to England because of its thriving trade and expanding settlements. 6 days ago · And yet Stuyvesant had made New Netherland so attractive that in March of 1664, James Stuart, Duke of York, and brother to the newly reinstalled English King Charles II asked if he could seize the Sep 8, 2014 · The breaking point came in March 1664, when English King Charles II awarded the colony’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, even though the two countries were then technically at peace. He was then removed by order of Parliament to St. Domini, 1664. West Jersey was sold to Quakers and East Jersey was sold to Scots. Between His Royal Highness, James Duke of York, and Albany, Earl of Ulster, Lord High Admiral of New York was named after King Charles II's brother, James, the Duke of York. New York was the tenth of the 13 colonies. , Northrup, Ansel Judd] on Amazon. Y. They had to accommodate their new subjects it was founded in 1664 by the duke of York. The city’s Dutch origins can still be seen. Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots. But English authorities confronted a delicate situation with the Dutch culture that had grown there since the colony ’ s founding four decades earlier. Read more about the founding of the New In March 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, James, the Duke of York, a Royal colony that covered New Netherlands and present-day Maine. The Duke of York's Charter, 1664 ; No. ' Source: Mid-Manhattan Picture Collection / American history -- 1680s ( more info ) Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. This came at a period of considerable conflict between England and the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Warships belonging to the Duke of York arrived at New Amsterdam in August 1664 and the Dutch surrendered. Conquered Territory. The colony was known for its diverse population, with Dutch, English, and other European settlers. Richard Nicolls, 1624–72, first English governor of New York, b. It was founded in 1664. The duke called the new proprietary colony New Jersey to honor Carteret’s defense of Jersey Island during the English Civil War. Jun 4 Dutch Stadtholder William Frederick conquers Dijlerschans. In 1664, the English seized control of New Netherland and renamed it New York in honor of the Duke of York, who later became King James II of England. The site of modern New York City was Nov 29, 2023 · English settlement of the Middle Colonies started in 1664 after England captured the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which included New Jersey. In 1664, James was granted a proprietary colony of New Netherland in the US following its capture from the Dutch. The English captured New Amsterdam in 1664 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and renamed it New York in honor of the brother of the king. Albany City Charter, 1686" New York Public Library Digital Collections. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like One of the contradictory elements of Puritan colonial settlement and Nicolls, Richard. The details vary from one account to another, but on August 27th, 1664 three or perhaps four English warships carrying 300 or maybe 450 English soldiers arrived at New Duke of York. Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century. The colony was renamed New York, and the town of New Amsterdam was given the same name. Bedfordshire, England. Compiled and Edited Under the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906 by Francis Newton Thorpe. For example, Harlem comes from MLA Format. New Jersey was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey. Trelease, Allen W. In the prevailing theory of mercantilism, the government should. ): The Colonial Laws of New York: From the Year 1664 to the The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the revolution, including the charters to the Duke of York, the commission and instructions to colonial governors, the Dukes laws, the laws of the Donagan and Leisler assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive . “Albania”). When the Duke of York recieved New Netherland as a gift, it was renamed New York in his honor. True. Grant of the Province of Maine The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution: Including the Charters to the Duke of York, the Commissions and Instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York and the Acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775 Inclusive, New May 22, 2017 · In 1664, James, Duke of York, was granted a Royal colony, which included New Netherland and present-day Maine. It was Holland’s largest city by Dutch settlers in 1624. Nicolis promised the colonists both religious freedom and limited local autonomy. The Dutch resisted assimilation into English culture well into the eighteenth century, prompting New York Anglicans to note that the colony was “rather like a conquered foreign province On June 24, 1664, only three months after being granted the lands in the New World, the Duke of York gave, what became known as New Jersey, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, two friends and supporters of the king during the English Civil War. Michelle M. The duke was not slow to assert his claim. 1848 Johnson, William H. 18 August – England annexes the New Netherland colony in North America, renaming it the Province of New York (after James, Duke of York). In May 1664 James dispatched Colonel Richard Nicolls [or Nichols] to seize the colony. In 1664 the English conquered the Dutch New Netherland Colony and it became a proprietary colony of the Duke of York. Responsibility for securing permissions to distribute, publish, reproduce or other use rest with the user. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. In 1664, James gave a portion of his territory to John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret, which became New Jersey. they refused to fight, forcing the governor to surrender the colony. Under authority of a commission from the Duke (later King James) Nicolls assumed the position of deputy-governor of New Netherlands (New York). During the English Civil Wars he lived at Oxford—from October 1642 until the city surrendered in June 1646. , Annoq. His younger brother James II became the Duke of York and Lord High Admiral. In 1664, King Charles II of England granted to his brother James, the Duke of York, a massive tract of land in North America stretching from Virginia to Massachusetts and including all of Dutch New Netherland. Anne, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. The New Netherland claim included western parts of present-day Massachusetts, putting the new province in conflict with the Massachusetts charter. Charters to the Duke of York Duke's laws Dongan and Leisler Assemblies Name New York (Colony) Lincoln, Charles Z. Fort Amsterdam became Fort James, and Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany. b. Oct 28, 2019 · Written by Reginald Frontispiece Ltd. Oct 7, 2009 · The Duke of York's Charter, 1664 ; No. New Amsterdam was surrendered to Nicolls on 8 September 1664. Albany City Charter, 1686. Sep 9, 2014 · Charles II decided to seize New Netherland, take over the valuable fur trade and give the colony to his younger brother James, Duke of York and Albany (the future James II). Nov 29, 2023 · It included parts of present-day New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut. The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664–1691. In 1664, the English took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York after the Duke of York (later James II & VII). At this time the colony was called New Netherland. This image is provided for education and research purposes. In 1674, King Charles II took New York State Archives. Who founded colonial New York? Peter Minuit founded New York in1626. , Northrup, A[nsel] J[udd]. Ithaca, N. 1664: New Amsterdam to New York: The City's Pivotal Transformation. , 19th cent Northrup, A. The colony and city were renamed New York in his honor. King Charles II decided to conquer New Netherland and to bestow it on his brother, James Stuart, Duke of York. Notes: Written on border: 'Albany Evening Journal - 1886. The city of New York, however, was not named after the Duke of York. com. claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch India company. These lands were thus renamed New York. Created duke of York and Albany (1643), James fled England during the Civil War and spent 12 years abroad. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1909. The British took over the New Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed it New York in honor of James II, the Duke of York. (1) On March 1, 1665, at Hempstead, Long Island, representatives from several towns approved the code of laws drawn up by the duke's agent. Against the backdrop of the 17th century Anglo-Dutch wars (fought to gain supremacy in shipping and trade) Charles II of England in 1664 authorized his brother, James, Duke of York to send an armed force to New Netherland to enforce England’s land claim. The area was short inhabited by the Lenape; after initial European exploration in the 17th century, the Dutch established New Amsterdam in 1624. Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of New Netherland, with Jul 8, 2023 · Originally called New Amsterdam, New York City was renamed in 1664 when it was taken over by the English. The history of the Royal Marines began on 28 October 1664 with the formation of the Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot soon becoming known as the Admiral's Regiment. 1 Of course directly in the middle of this land grant was New Amsterdam Oct 19, 2020 · Duke of York: This title matches with 'D. First Governor of New York. What year was New York found in? New York City was founded by the Dutch as New Amsterdam in 1624 and given its present name on its capture by the Engish The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the revolution, including the charters to the Duke of York, the commission and instructions to colonial governors, the Dukes laws, the laws of the Donagan and Leisler assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive . Mormul May 9, 2021 · In 1664, King Charles II of England ceded to his brother, the Duke of York, later King James II, a large tract of land that included all of New Netherland. Dec 31, 2014 · The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution : including the charters to the Duke of York, the commissions and instructions to colonial governors, the Duke's laws, the laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive The expedition set sail from Portsmouth on 25 May 1664, and arrived for the capture of New Amsterdam on 27 August 1664. The Duke of York's Laws for the Government of the Colony of New York were a set of guidelines laid out during the early years of English rule in the Colony of New York. When New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664, the name Beverwijck was changed to Albany, in honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II of England and James VII of Scotland). In 1664, the king annexed New Jersey and gave it to his brother James, the Duke of York. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977. Three hundred soldiers from four warships went ashore on Long Island in August and moved west to Brooklyn, enlisting support from the English towns on Long Island and THIS INDENTURE made the four and twentieth day of June, in the sixteenth year of the reign of our sovereign Lord, Charles the Second, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King Defender of the Faith, &c. The Colonial Laws Of New York From The Year 1664 To The Revolution, Including The Charters To The Duke Of York, The Commissions And Instructions To Colonial Governors, The Dukes Laws, The Laws Of The Dongan And Leisler Assemblies, The Charters Of Albany And New York And The Acts Of The Colonial Legislatures From 1691 To 1775 Inclusive Page 687, Image 689 (1894) available at The Making of The first officially recognised creation of the dukedom was in the Peerage of England in 1664, when King Charles II granted the title to his next eldest surviving nephew James Stuart, the infant second son of the Duke of York, who died early in 1667 at the age of three, when the title again became extinct. On August 27, 1664, New Amsterdam, a Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island, faced a pivotal change when English frigates, led by Richard Nicolls, demanded its surrender, marking a key event in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Subjects Law > New York (State) Several important changes took place under British rule. In 1664, when New Amsterdam's governor Peter Stuyvesant called on local residents to resist the four heavily armed ships of the Duke of York. New Amsterdam was the of New Netherland, where the Dutch were heavily involved with the fur trade. Inclusive Date: 1664 Series: B1371 ^ Return to Table of Contents Administrative History James, Duke of York, later James II, was the third son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. ; 24 cm. He served in the English civil war as a royalist and followed the Stuarts into exile, where he entered the service of the duke of York (later King James II). In the 16th century, the great powers of Europe asserted the right to establish colonies on the other continents of the world based on international law claims of “first discovery and occupation. Series B1371-93. Willett's appointment was a landmark event, marking a significant shift from Dutch to English governance. In 1664 Charles granted James all of the American territory between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. The exact origin of the name is not known, but it is believed to have been derived from the name of the original Dutch settlers of the area, who During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667), English forces gained control of the Dutch fur trading colony of New Netherland, and in 1664, Charles II gave this colony (including present-day New Jersey) to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II). In 1676 they were split into east and west. New York & Albany. who may from time to time adventure themselves into any the parts or places aforesaid or that shall or do at any time The Duke ’ s Laws. Soon afterward he began authorizing settlement in northeastern New Jersey (a. Grant unto . "New Jersey was so named, in 1664, at the time of its conquest by the English from the Dutch, in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, in the British Channel, and to whom, with Lord Berkley, the Duke of York conveyed the territory. * Note: The scan of the Duke’s Laws on the website of The Historical Society of the New York Courts was provided by the New York State Library. Accessed February 14, 2024. A Map of Areas of the northeastern United States, granted by English King Charles II to his brother, the Duke of York, after seizing them from the Dutch. The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution, Including the Charters to the Duke of York, The Commissions and Instructions to Colonial Governors, The Duke's Laws, The Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, The Charters of Albany and New York and the Acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 Several important changes took place under British rule. King Charles II granted his younger brother James, then Duke of York and future king of England, the territory of New England. In response, Charles II gave his brother, James, the Duke of York, New Netherland in March 1664. ”. As the newly renamed City of New York and surrounding areas developed, there was a growing independent feeling among some, but the area was decidedly split in its loyalties. The Dutch established New Netherland in 1614 and it was renamed New York after King Charles II gave it to his brother, James, the Duke of York. In 1664, the British conquered the The Colonial Laws Of New York From The Year 1664 To The Revolution, Including The Charters To The Duke Of York, The Commissions And Instructions To Colonial Governors, The Dukes Laws, The Laws Of The Dongan And Leisler Assemblies, The Charters Of Albany And New York And The Acts Of The Colonial Legislatures From 1691 To 1775 Inclusive Page 40-41, Image 62-63 (1896) available at The Making of In 1664 an English squadron surprised and seized the Dutch province of New Netherland for which the duke had been granted a secret royal patent. The Duke of York gave this land to two investors who, in turn, sold their shares to two different investors. Title The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution : including the charters to the Duke of York, the commissions and instructions to colonial governors, the Duke's laws, the laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 Sep 2, 2023 · The Duke of York founded New York in 1664. Maps ETC > North America > A Regional Map of North America > Lands of the Duke of York, 1664 1664 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the the Duke of York. Under the British rule, the lives of slaves became increasingly more regulated. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II. virtue of a Commission from his Royall Highness James Duke of Yorke and Albany given to Colonell Richard Nicolls Deputy Governeur, bearing date the Second day of Aprill 1664. A New York State Historical Marker commemorating the 1664-1665 Duke's Laws Convention in Hempstead, New York. To all to whom these our present letters shall come greeting: Know ye that among the King Charles then granted the colony to the Duke of York’s brother. Previously, the area was occupied by the Lenape people, who called it “Lenapehoking,” meaning “land of the Lenape. [1] The history of New York City has been influenced by the prehistoric geological formation during the last glacial period of the territory that is today New York City. In 1664, Charles II laid claim to the Dutch colony in Feb 1, 2023 · The Duke of York was given the lands that now comprise the state of New York in 1664, and he named the area in honor of himself. 1894 Physical Description 5 v. Mar 3, 2024 · New York is named after James Stuart, Duke of York, who was the younger brother of King Charles II of England. Mar 15, 2024 · He was formally created duke of York in January 1644. It was named for the Duke of York. n 1664 the land between the Delaware and the Hudson rivers became New Jersey. For additional information see our The new proprietors’ rights to govern and own New Jersey were challenged from the start by the Duke’s governors in New York, starting with Richard Nicolls. The city was originally settled by the Dutch and called New Amsterdam, but it was captured by the English in 1664 and renamed to honor the Duke’s title and authority over the region. . In 1982, a group of descendants of early New Jersey colonists joined together to form Descendants of Founders of New Jersey, a society of those Exemplified by Queen Anne, 1712. Nicolls had been sent to capture New Netherland and did so in September 1664. James commissioned Richard Nicoll to lead the attack. ' New Netherland: 'E. This situation was left in place in the Peace of Breda of 1667. https 1664 – King Charles II gives a Royal colony that covers New Netherlands and present-day Maine to his brother the ‘Duke of York’. The former Dutch colony became a proprietary colony of the Duke of York, who later became King James II. a. Sep 11, 2021 · At birth, James was designated Duke of York but it wasn't until Charles was restored to the English throne that James became heir apparent taking on the title Duke of Albany. During the War of the Spanish Succession the most historic achievement of the Marines was the capture of the mole during the assault For both trade and strategic reasons, New Amsterdam was a prize for the ambitious English and particularly for King Charles II’s brother, James, the Duke of York. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667), English forces gained control of the Dutch fur trading colony of New Netherland, and in 1664, Charles II gave this colony (including present-day New Jersey) to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II). This "maritime regiment of foot" was to become the Royal Marines when, in 1802, it was given this title by King George III. James Duke of York his Heirs, Deputies Agents, Commissioners and Assigns by these presents full and absolute power and authority to correct, punish, pardon, govern and rule all such the subjects of us . Lord John Berkeley, Sir George Carteret, and the Concessions and Agreements. On September 11, 1609, the Dutch ship, the Halve Maen, entered New York Bay and sailed up the mighty river it found . Rights may be reserved. On this day October 28, 1664 "the Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot" was formed at the grounds of the Honourable Artillery Company, in the City of London. Both the city of New Amsterdam and the colony itself were renamed New York, after the Duke of York. 27 September – Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls. The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution (1664-1775) (5 Vols. Volume 4 of The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution, Including the Charters to the Duke of York, the Commission and Instructions to Colonial Governors, the Dukes Laws, the Laws of the Donagan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York and the Acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775 Feb 18, 2020 · New York. The colonial laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution : including the charters to the Duke of York, the commissions and instructions to colonial governors, the Duke's laws, the laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the charters of Albany and New York and the acts of the colonial legislatures from 1691 to 1775 inclusive New Jersey. After purchasing the claims to Long Island and northern Maine, in March 1664—several months before the conquest of New Netherland [Lincoln, Charles Z[ebina], Johnson, William H. : Cornell University Press, 1960. Lyon, state printer: Albany. Jun 24 Colony of New Jersey founded when Duke of York grants Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ownership of land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. regulate economic activity to promote the nation's power. New Amsterdam and Fort Orange were renamed New York and Albany in his honor. DUKE OF YORK'S PROPRIETARY had its origin in the new nationalism of the Restoration period in England. After the English Restoration in 1660 Charles II, from the House of Stuart, became king. The Federal and State Constitutions Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America. Renamed New York in 1664 when English took over. The Miriam and Ira D. Under authority of a commission from the Duke (later King James) Nicolls assumed the position of deputy-governor of New Netherland (New York). "Racism"--the idea that some races are Jul 10, 2022 · In 1664, James, then Duke of York, ceded some of the territory south of Manhattan Island, from the Atlantic coast to the Delaware River, to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. Details. Until 1664, the territory continued under the jurisdiction History of the Royal Marines. These were the foundation for New Jersey. The First English Settlements in New Jersey. Dec 10, 2020 · In 1660, with the restoration of Charles II to the throne of England, the Dutch feared the British would attack their territory and forged an alliance with the French against the British. This charter also included parts of present-day Massachusetts, which conflicted with that colony's charter. views 1,347,999 updated. The British authority declared that slavery was a legal institution in 1665 and granted slaveholders the power of life-or-death over slaves in 1682. The Sun King of France Louis XIV. Was gifted New Netherland by the King of England when they took over the area from the Dutch. The Duke's Laws. B. The charter allowed James traditional propriety rights and imposed few restrictions upon his This historic appointment followed the 1664 English capture of New Amsterdam, subsequently renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York. The rise of black slavery in Virginia developed only gradually and over several generations. IX. Their intent was to make a profit from their new acquisition by renting all of the lands Before the Second Anglo-Dutch War had even started an English fleet took over the colony New Netherland of the Dutch West India Company in 1664 in a bloodless coup in the name of the Duke of York. Oct 20, 2023 · In 1664 James, the Duke of York, was given territory by his brother, King Charles II in New Netherland and present-day Maine. May 14 Turkish Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed attacks 120,000 Donau soldiers. New York Under Dutch Rule. A Brief History. Judd 1833-1919 New York (State). He broke off two pieces of the land allotted to him and gave them to two of his friends. "The Duke of York's charter, 1664" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. In 1664, therefore, Charles II, King of England, disregarding all other claims, made a grant, to his brother James, then Duke of York, to the whole territory from the Connecticut River to the Delaware River, including, therefore, besides a part of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. New Netherland became New York when England defeated the Netherlands in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1664. The history of New York City (1665–1783) began with the establishment of English rule over Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland. ' refers to New Netherland. In 1664, the English organized a takeover and the colony was peacefully surrendered. zl ay xm bq tp ec jf py bn jg